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    • externalizing the table, so we can update it across several pages

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      Beck modules

      The category of Beck modules over a C^∞-ring AA is equivalent to the category of ordinary modules over the underlying real algebra of AA.

      This is established using the proof given at Beck module for ordinary rings, using the fact that ideals of C^∞-rings coincide with ideals in the ordinary sense and the square zero extension construction used there can be promoted to a C^∞-ring using Taylor expansions.

      Furthermore, the resulting notion of a Beck derivation coincides with that of a C^∞-derivation.

      Kainz–Kriegl–Michor modules

      A different, nonequivalent definition was proposed by Kainz–Kriegl–Michor in 1987.

      Suppose kk is a commutative ring. Denote by Poly kPoly_k the following category. Objects are kk-modules. Morphisms MNM\to N are polynomial maps MNM\to N, i.e., elements of SymM * kNSym M^*\otimes_k N.

      A commutative algebra AA can be identified with a product-preserving functor FinPoly kSetFinPoly_k\to Set, where FinPoly kFinPoly_k is the full subcategory of Poly kPoly_k on finitely generated free modules. The value A(X)A(X) for XFinPoly kX\in FinPoly_k can be thought of as the space of regular functions SpecAXSpec A\to X, where SpecASpec A is the Zariski spectrum of AA.

      The starting observation is that a module MM over a commutative kk-algebra AA can be identified with a dinatural transformation (dinatural in XCartPolyX\in CartPoly)

      η:Poly k(X,M)×A(X)M.\eta\colon Poly_k(X,M)\times A(X)\to M.

      We require η\eta to be linear in the first argument.

      That is to say, to specify an AA-module MM, we have to single out polynomial maps k nMk^n\to M, together with a way to compose a polynomial map k nMk^n\to M with a regular function SpecAk nSpec A\to k^n, obtaining a regular map SpecAMSpec A\to M. Interpreting MM as the module of sections of a quasicoherent sheaf over SpecASpec A, a regular map SpecAMSpec A\to M can be restricted to the diagonal SpecASpec A, obtaining an element of MM as required.

      The proposal of Kainz–Kriegl–Michor is then to replace polynomial maps with smooth maps:

      A C^∞-module over a C^∞-ring AA is a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space MM together with a dinatural transformation

      η:C (X,M)×A(X)M\eta\colon C^\infty(X,M)\times A(X)\to M

      that is linear in the first argument. If η\eta is also continuous in the first argument, we say that MM is a continuous C^∞-module.

      Topological vector spaces in the above definition can be replaced by any notion of a vector space that allows for smooth maps, e.g., convenient vector space etc.

      Related concepts

      References

      • G. Kainz, A. Kriegl, P. Michor, C∞-algebras from the functional analytic view point, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 46:1 (1987), 89-107. doi

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      Idea

      The abstract notion of a derivation corresponding to that of a Beck module.

      Definition

      Given a category CC with finite limits, a Beck module in CC over an object ACA\in C is an abelian group object in the slice category C/AC/A.

      The forgetful functor from modules to rings is modeled by the forgetful functor

      U A:Ab(C/A)C/A.U_A\colon Ab(C/A)\to C/A.

      Given MAb(C/A)M\in Ab(C/A), a Beck derivation AMA\to M is a a morphism id AU A(M)id_A \to U_A(M) in C/AC/A.

      If U AU_A has a left adjoint Ω A\Omega_A, then Ω A\Omega_A is known as the Beck module of differentials over AA. Thus, Beck derivations AMA\to M are in bijection with morphisms of Beck modules

      Ω AM,\Omega_A\to M,

      generalizing the universal property of Kähler differentials.

      Examples

      For ordinary commutative algebras, Beck derivations coincide with ordinary derivations.

      For C^∞-rings, Beck derivations coincide with C^∞-derivations.

      References

      The original definition is due to Jon Beck. An exposition can be found in Section 6.1 of

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    • added a remark (here) that the expression 1i<jn(x jx i)\prod_{1\leq i\lt j\leq n} (x_j - x_i) changes sign under exchange of any pair of variables.

      Also tried to beautify the formatting throught the entry.

      diff, v4, current

    • Started this page. No doubt it could be more elegant.

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    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • I started an idea section at transgression, but it could probably use some going over by an expert. I hope I didn’t mess things up too badly. I was reading Urs’ note on “integration without integration” on the train ride home and fooled myself into thinking I understood something.

      By the way, this reminded me of a discussion we had a while back

      Integrals: Loops space vs target space

    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • Added a few additional descriptions of 1\Box_{\leq 1}, which is the same as Δ 1\Delta_{\leq 1}.

      diff, v18, current

    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

      v1, current

    • I wrote a little piece at general covariance on how to formalize the notion in homotopy type theory. Just for completeness, I also ended up writing a little blurb at the beginning about the genera idea of general covariance.

    • creating this minimal entry, just to make the term linkable

      v1, current

    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • Page created, but author did not leave any comments.

      Anonymous

      v1, current

    • added to polynomial functor the evident but previously missing remark why it is called a “polynomial”, here.

    • Mentioned the alternative terminology “Zappa–Szép product” and added redirects.

      diff, v5, current

    • The cotangent complex theorem

      Natalie Stewart

      diff, v3, current

    • Adding the actual definition.

      Natalie Stewart

      diff, v5, current

    • I have added to orthogonal factorization system

      1. in the Definition-section three equivalent explicit formulations of the definition;

      2. in the Properties-section the statement of the cancellability property.

      Wanted to add more (and to add the proofs). But have to quit now. Maybe later.

    • At the old entry cohomotopy used to be a section on how it may be thought of as a special case of non-abelian cohomology. While I (still) think this is an excellent point to highlight, re-reading this old paragraph now made me feel that it was rather clumsily expressed. Therefore I have rewritten (and shortened) it, now the third paragraph of the Idea-section.

      (We had had long discussion about this entry back in the days, but it must have been before we switched to nForum discussion, because on the nForum there seems to be no trace of it.)

    • added section labels and a table of contents

      Anonymous

      diff, v6, current

    • starting page on antithesis partial orders

      Anonymouse

      v1, current

    • a stub entry, for the moment just to make the link work

      v1, current

    • starting page on zero-dimensional rings

      Anonymouse

      v1, current

    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • starting page on rings with tight apartness

      Anonymouse

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    • tried to polish one-point compactification. I think in the process I actually corrected it, too. Please somebody have a close look.

    • brief category:people-entry for hyperlinking references

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    • as mentioned in another thread, I have expanded the Idea-section at polarization in order to highlight the relation to canonical momenta (which I also edited accordingly).

    • there is an old article (Berends-Gastman 75) that computes the 1-loop corrections due to perturbative quantum gravity to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the muon. The result turns out to be independent of the choice of (“re”-)normalization (hence what they call “finite”).

      I have added a remark on this in the (g2)(g-2)-entry here and also at quantum gravity here.

    • I have been expanding and polishing the entry Heisenberg group.

      This had existed in bad shape for quite a while, but now it’s maybe getting into better shape.

      I tried to spend some sentences on issues which I find are rarely highlighted appropriately in the literature. So there is discussion now of the fact that

      • there are different Lie groups for a given Heisenberg Lie algebra,

      • and the appearance of an “ii” in [q,p]=i[q,p] = i may be all understood as not picking the simply conncted ones of these;

      I also added remarks on the relation to Poisson brackets, and symplectomorphisms.

      In this context: either I am dreaming, or there is a mistake in the Wikipedia entry Poisson bracket - Lie algebra.

      There it says that the Poisson bracket is the Lie algebra of the group of symplectomorphisms. But instead, it is the Lie algebra of a central extension of the group of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms.

    • starting page on inequality rings or rings with inequality

      Anonymouse

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    • starting page on residually discrete local rings

      Anonymouse

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    • working on writing out how the “inversion” morphism of a groupoid object naturally arises from this structure.

      Jonathan Beardsley

      diff, v54, current

    • The entry test category which I wrote some time ago, came into the attention of Georges Maltsiniotis who kindly wrote me an email with a kind praise on nlab and noting that his Astérisque treatise on the topic of Grothendieck’s homotopy theory is available online on his web page and that the Cisinski’s volume is sort of a continuation of his Astérisque 301. Georges also suggested that we should emphasise that a big part of the Pursuing Stacks is devoted to the usage of test categories, so I included it into the bibliography and introductory sentence. I hinted to Georges that when unhappy with a state of an nlab entry he could just feel free to edit directly.