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The definition given in the article is actually that of a surjection or surjective map, as defined in section 4.6 of the HoTT Book and in section 15.2 of Introduction to Homotopy Type Theory. I don’t know of any reference in the dependent type theory literature that calls these functions “effective epimorphisms”. Seeing as the surjection article already has a section titled dependent type theory containing the exact same definition as found in this article, I think this page can be deleted and its contents merged into the surjection article if necessary.
Alternatively, we can try to adopt the definition of effective epimorphism in terms of its Čech nerve to the setting of homotopy type theory from Jacob Lurie’s HTT, but I’m not sure if such a colimit is even definable in vanilla homotopy type theory without additional -categorical machinery via two-level type theory or simplicial type theory.
According to Mike Shulman, the Čech nerve is a simplicial type and so isn’t currently definable in homotopy type theory, since we don’t know how to define simplicial or semi-simplicial types. So I don’t think the Lurie definition of effective epimorphism is currently possible to formulate in homotopy type theory either.
Replaced the material in the page which defined surjections with the correct definition of an effective epimorphism from Lurie using the Čech nerve, and added a paragraph explaining that we don’t actually know how to define an effective epimorphism in homotopy type theory yet since we don’t know how to construct semi-simplicial types and Čech nerves in homotopy type theory.
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