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Looking at the section on “Guarded quantification” (here), I find the language a little odd, in how it keeps referring to “types” but really speaks very much as of sets.
I have adjusted wording slightly, but there remains room to improve the wording here, I think.
Also, I touched the typesetting of the two formulas, in order to make the form of the syntax tree visually more manifest.
General linguistical and philosophical discussion is in
By the way, quite a few references do not consider a quantifier but an abbreviation (as it is by definition). Maybe we should mention this. The point is that equality is, in this approach, considered a distinguished predicate satisfying the substitution rule, reflexivity, symmetricity and transitivity, and appears to be a syntactic tool rather than something about context, or talking about semantics/testing domain where the truth of the statement with a free variable is tested.
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