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1. • CommentRowNumber1.
   • CommentAuthorEric
   • CommentTimeOct 25th 2010
   • PermaLink
   Author: Eric
   Format: MarkdownItexI just googled >+descent manifold "transition function" which led me to the Wikipedia article on [connections](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_%28mathematics%29), where we find a reference: >The most abstract approach may be that suggested by Alexander Grothendieck, where a [Grothendieck connection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck_connection) is seen as [descent](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_(category_theory)) data from infinitesimal neighbourhoods of the [diagonal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal); see ([Osserman 2004](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_(mathematics)#CITEREFOsserman2004)). From there, I could not resist having a look at [Osserman](http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~osserman/math/connections.pdf). From there, I noticed a slight resemblance to some things [[ericforgy:differential envelope|I've worked on]]. _Warning: Entering shaky math zone. Help is appreciated.Apologies in advance for poor writing style, but I'm trying._ When your space admits a finite set of complete orthogonal projections $$1 = \sum_i \pi_i\quad\text{and}\quad \pi_i\circ\pi_j = \delta_{i j}\pi_i,$$ you can generate a free graded module of projections $\Omega$. On this graded module, you can define a universal "graph operator" given by the innocuous looking $$G = 1\otimes 1$$ which can be expanded into projections via $$G = \sum_{i,j} \pi_i\otimes\pi_j.$$ On certain special spaces (called "diamonds"), we can define a nilpotent map $d:\Omega^n\to\Omega^{n+1}$ via the graded commutator with the graph operator $$d\alpha \coloneqq [G,\alpha]$$ for any $\alpha\in\Omega$. Note, in particular, that for $f\in\Omega^0$, we have $$d f = [G,f] = 1\otimes f - f\otimes 1.$$ This is in the kernel of a multiplication map $m:\Omega^1\to\Omega^0$ given by $$m(f\otimes g) = f g.$$ Now, if we interpret $\pi_i\otimes\pi_j$ as a directed edge $\pi_i\to\pi_j$ (hence the name "graph operator" above), then the universal graph operator corresponds to a complete graph. The differential graded algebra corresponding to this universal graph operator is a universal differential envelope. Any other differential graded algebra of projections can be obtained from this one by setting some of the $\pi_i\otimes\pi_j$ to zero and taking appropriate quotients. I am tempted to associate the process of setting some directed edges to zero with the process of defining the neighborhood of the diagonal. In other words, setting an element of the diagonal to zero means it is not in the neighborhood. Does that make any sense? PS: Since $\Omega^0$ is generated by projections, we have $$f = \sum_i f_i \pi_i.$$ Therefore, $d f$ may be expressed in terms of projections via $$d f = 1\otimes f - f\otimes 1 = \sum_{i,j} (f_j - f_i) \pi_i \otimes \pi_j.$$

   I just googled

   +descent manifold “transition function”

   which led me to the Wikipedia article on connections, where we find a reference:

   The most abstract approach may be that suggested by Alexander Grothendieck, where a Grothendieck connection is seen as descent data from infinitesimal neighbourhoods of the diagonal; see (Osserman 2004).

   From there, I could not resist having a look at Osserman.

   From there, I noticed a slight resemblance to some things I’ve worked on.

   Warning: Entering shaky math zone. Help is appreciated.Apologies in advance for poor writing style, but I’m trying.

   When your space admits a finite set of complete orthogonal projections

   $$1 = \sum_i \pi_i\quad\text{and}\quad \pi_i\circ\pi_j = \delta_{i j}\pi_i,$$

   you can generate a free graded module of projections $\Omega$. On this graded module, you can define a universal “graph operator” given by the innocuous looking

   $$G = 1\otimes 1$$

   which can be expanded into projections via

   $$G = \sum_{i,j} \pi_i\otimes\pi_j.$$

   On certain special spaces (called “diamonds”), we can define a nilpotent map $d:\Omega^n\to\Omega^{n+1}$ via the graded commutator with the graph operator

   $$d\alpha \coloneqq [G,\alpha]$$

   for any $\alpha\in\Omega$. Note, in particular, that for $f\in\Omega^0$, we have

   $$d f = [G,f] = 1\otimes f - f\otimes 1.$$

   This is in the kernel of a multiplication map $m:\Omega^1\to\Omega^0$ given by

   $$m(f\otimes g) = f g.$$

   Now, if we interpret $\pi_i\otimes\pi_j$ as a directed edge $\pi_i\to\pi_j$ (hence the name “graph operator” above), then the universal graph operator corresponds to a complete graph. The differential graded algebra corresponding to this universal graph operator is a universal differential envelope.

   Any other differential graded algebra of projections can be obtained from this one by setting some of the $\pi_i\otimes\pi_j$ to zero and taking appropriate quotients.

   I am tempted to associate the process of setting some directed edges to zero with the process of defining the neighborhood of the diagonal. In other words, setting an element of the diagonal to zero means it is not in the neighborhood. Does that make any sense?

   PS: Since $\Omega^0$ is generated by projections, we have

   $$f = \sum_i f_i \pi_i.$$

   Therefore, $d f$ may be expressed in terms of projections via

   $$d f = 1\otimes f - f\otimes 1 = \sum_{i,j} (f_j - f_i) \pi_i \otimes \pi_j.$$
2. • CommentRowNumber2.
   • CommentAuthorzskoda
   • CommentTimeOct 25th 2010
   • (edited Oct 25th 2010)
   • PermaLink
   Author: zskoda
   Format: MarkdownItexJust a quick comment (I did not carefully try to understand Eric's question yet). $n$lab also has a [[Grothendieck connection]] entry. The descent data in question are usually known as "costratification". Intuitive introduction is in the book by Berthelot and Ogus quoted there, paragraph 2.

   Just a quick comment (I did not carefully try to understand Eric’s question yet). $n$lab also has a Grothendieck connection entry. The descent data in question are usually known as “costratification”. Intuitive introduction is in the book by Berthelot and Ogus quoted there, paragraph 2.