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I added some material to Hopf fibration, some of it in a speculative vein. In this case, I was an Anonymous Coward because I hadn’t noticed I was not logged in.
I just checked that you had not spammed :-) I found some typos as well. (I fixed them.)
I have cross-linked the material at Hopf construction and Hopf fibration a little more.
It is not strictly true that the hopf construction works for S0 since it is not path-connected. However it is very easy to give the fibration explicitly. For the other spheres the hopf construction works fine. This is true straight out of Stasheff’s book page 5. There are many places where this is incorrectly mentioned in Hopf construction and Hopf fibration.
Hm, I had another look at the Definition as stated in the entry here and plugged in S0≃ℤ/2 for X. From, this I do seem to get the real Hopf fibratoipn S1⋅2⟶S1 all right.
Let’s go through it in detail:
So on the left we have four copies of the interval, labeled in ℤ/2×ℤ/2, while on the right we have two copies, labeled by ℤ/2.
As we run once around on the left (with coordinates in [0,1]×(ℤ2×ℤ2))
(0,(0,0))→(1,(0,0))∼(1,(1,0))→(0,(1,0))∼(0,(1,1))→(1,(1,1))∼(1,(0,1))→(0,(0,1))∼(0,(0,0))we run on the right (with coordinates in [0,1]×ℤ2)
(0,(0+0=0))→(1,(0+0=0))∼(1,(1+0=1))→(0,(1+0=1))∼(0,(1+1=0))→(1,(1+1=0))∼(1,(0+1=1))→(0,(0+1=1))∼(0,(0+0=0))That’s twice around the circle on the right, for once on the left.
Seems right to me. But let me know if I am missing something.
I think the problem occurs because we get a quasifibration not necesserily a fibration. I am not so sure however.
Sorry, which problem do you think occurs?
Actually ignore what I said above that is complete nonsense. I found that X is 0-connected can be weakened to π0(X) is a group, so this is in fact correct. On page 4. The reason I got confused is because the multiplcation maps X×X→X should be weak homotopy equivalences X≃X when given one argument. It seems the book claims this can be proven on the weaker assumption that π0(X) is a group. Which means the articles are kind of correct, but only when this condition holds.
In general it is not correct to say the hopf construction works for any X but for a 0-connected X or at least π0(X) being a group. When these are CW-complexes it seems quasifibrations become fibrations due to Dold. I am not so familar with proving left multiplication in a H-space is a weak homotopy equivalence however, especially with the connectedness condition weakened.
I have asked a question on MO hopefully we will get some correct answers rather than my vague thoughts.
X must be an H-space. As it says in the entry.
@Urs I am confused what you mean. Is it in the definition of H-space that left-multiplication is a homotopy equivalence? I thought a H-space was just a unital magma in the homotopy category.
I don’t see why the Hopf construction applied to an H-space X must necessarily produce a quasifibration, even if we assume π0X is a group or even just X connected. (It is certainly true that the homotopy fiber of h:X⋆X→SX will be equivalent to X under these hypotheses; I just don’t see why the actual fibers of h should also be equivalent to X, which is what necessarily must happen if h is a quasifibration.)
@Dylan: I don’t know where Sugawara’s proof is found: there are three papers of his in the references of Stasheff’s book, and I’m not going to hunt them all down.
Suppose X is a grouplike H-space, with multiplication μ. Let f:X×X→X be any morphism in the relative mapping space MapX∨X/(X×X,X) in the path component of μ. Every such f determines a group-like H-space structure on X, and if we believe the theorem all fibers of all the Hopf constructions hf:X⋆X→SX must be weakly equivalent to X. The map f can be found inside hf (i.e., hf restricts to f along inclusions X×X⊂X⋆X and X⊂S(X)), so in particular all the fibers of all the maps f over all points of X must be weakly equivalent to X. This seems unlikely.
Dold-Lashof prove that a different construction gives a quasifibration; this other construction, applied to a group-like H-space, gives a map homotopic to the Hopf construction as usually defined.
I’m guessing Stasheff is referring Theorem 4 (p. 119) of
Sugawara, Masahiro. On a condition that a space is an H-space. Math. J. Okayama Univ. 6 (1957), 109–129.
This basically shows that the fiber of h:X⋆X→SX over one of the cone points of SX (which is in fact homeomorphic to X) is weakly equivalent (by the tautological map) to the homotopy fiber of h. It does not show that every fiber of h is weakly equivalent (via the tautological map) to the corresponding homotopy fiber, so it does not show that h is a quasifibration.
Just to say that I have recorded the simple example from #7 (of working out the real Hopf fibration as the special case of the Hopf construction for X=ℤ/2) to the entry real Hopf fibration: here
The reason I brought it up is because in HoTT we have “0-connectedness” floating around. I was further confused by Stasheff’s book mentioning the condition. When I was learning Hopf fibrations in Algebraic topology I don’t ever remember using the hopf construction to make them. I only really found out about it when learning HoTT. The mathoverflow question hasn’t helped in the slightest, though I can’t blame it since my question wasn’t exactly well written. I am inclined to believe that it does work for S0 though I am made slightly uncomfortable about what Charles has said.
Now I know it isn’t exactly a good motivation to think this way because of HoTT, but this still poses the question of why it is needed in HoTT. In the HoTT proof that the hopf construction gives a fibration, an essential part of which is showing left and right multiplication in the H-space is an equivalence. For this one “needs” 0-connectedness.
Overall I couldn’t care less if the hopf construction works for S0, since the real hopf fibration is so easy to give explicitly in HoTT and AT. The only thing confusing me is the hopf construction working for S0. And on this I am unfortunately still confused.
I have spelled it out twice now, in some detail here. Both times you come back just re-iterating the question.
@Urs and both time I agree, what I am confused about is why this doesn’t work in HoTT. I am not at all disputing what you have written both times about S0. The nlab article on Hopf construction, attributes Theorem 3.1 to Sugawara. Unless I am mistaken, Charles has just said that Sugawara does not show this is a quasifibration, which is what Stasheff’s book and the article claim. Is this not a problem?
I may never have understood what your question actually is. You seemed to claim some problem for the case S0, where I showed you that one gets the double cover map all right, which is as fibration as it gets.
I have made a brief edit to record Charles’ observations from #18 and #19 here. No time for more.
@Urs I have no problem with the case for S0, perhaps my question is better phrased as “when is the hopf construction a fibration”? The problem I have for S0 is that the article reads like the hopf construction gives you that it is a fibration, fortunately, as you said twice it is easy to see that this is actually a fibration for S0. I just want to clear up the conditions needed for the hopf construction to give a fibration.
Actually, Sugawara proves everything you need: he shows that if X is a *grouplike H-space” (i.e., a unital multiplication such that left multiplication by any element is an equivalence, and likewise for right multiplication), then the homotopy fiber of h:X⋆X→S(X) over a particular point of S(X) is equivalent to X. Since S(X) must be connected whenever X is non-empty, this means that the homotopy fiber over any point of S(X) is equivalent to X.
The HoTT proof is some sort of instantiation of the following observation: we have a map from the diagram
Xπ1←X×Xπ2→Xto the diagram
*←X→*where the map in the middle column μ:X×X→X is multiplication. The “grouplike” condition lets you prove that both commutative squares you get are homotopy pullbacks. Then “descent” applies to identify the fibers of the induced map from the homotopy colimit of the first diagram to the homotopy colimit of the second diagram. (Actually, the multiplication doesn’t even need to be unital.)
This makes much more sense now. Thank you @Urs, @Charles and @Dylan.
added the following pointers:
Discussion of supersymmetric Hopf fibrations:
A. P. Balachandran, G. Marmo, B.-S. Skagerstam and A. Stern, section 9.3 of Gauge Symmetries and Fibre Bundles, Lect. Notes in Physics 188, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983 (arXiv:1702.08910)
Simon Davis, section 3 of Supersymmetry and the Hopf fibration (doi:10.4995/agt.2012.1623)
But the entry is lacking a canonical classical reference, for the definition via projective spaces…
If you mean a textbook reference (as opposed to the historical origin), it is Example 4.45 in Hatcher for example, which includes a nice picture.
I mean a decent reference on general Hopf fibrations via projective spaces. Some review that one can actually cite.
Found one: Section 6 of Gluck-Warner-Yang euclid.dmj/1077303489
added these pointers:
Herman Gluck, Frank Warner, Chung Tao Yang, Section 6 of: Division algebras, fibrations of spheres by great spheres and the topological determination of space by the gross behavior of its geodesics, Duke Math. J. Volume 50, Number 4 (1983), 1041-1076 (euclid:dmj/1077303489)
Herman Gluck, Frank Warner, Wolfgang Ziller, The geometry of the Hopf fibrations, L’Enseignement Mathématique, t.32 (1986), p. 173-198
the original references were missing:
Heinz Hopf, Über die Abbildungen der dreidimensionalen Sphäre auf die Kugelfläche, Mathematische Annalen 104 (1931) 637–665 [doi:10.1007/BF01457962]
Heinz Hopf, Über die Abbildungen von Sphären auf Sphäre niedrigerer Dimension, Fundamenta Mathematicae 25 1 (1935) 427-440 [eudml:212801]
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