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nLab > Latest Changes: prime number

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  1.  
    • CommentRowNumber1.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018
    • (edited Oct 3rd 2018)

    I just see that in this entry it said

    Classically, 1 was also counted as a prime number, …

    If this is really true, it would be good to see a historic reference. But I’d rather the entry wouldn’t push this, since it seems misguided and, judging from web discussion one sees, is a tar pit for laymen to fall into.

    The sentence continued with

    …[[ the number 1 is ]] too prime to be prime.

    and that does seem like a nice point to make. So I have edited the entry to now read as follows, but please everyone feel invited to have a go at it:

    A prime number is a natural number which cannot be written as a product of two smaller numbers, hence a natural number greater than 1, which is divisible only by 1 and by itself.

    This means that every natural number n∈ℕn \in \mathbb{N} is, up to re-ordering of factors, uniquely expressed as a product of a tuple of prime numbers:

    n=2 n 13 n 25 n 37 n 411 n 5⋯ n \;=\; 2^{n_1} 3^{n_2} 5^{n_3} 7^{n_4} 11^{ n_5 } \cdots

    This is called the prime factorization of nn.

    Notice that while the number 1∈ℕ1 \in \mathbb{N} is, clearly, only divisible by one and by itself, hence might look like it deserves to be counted as a prime number, too, this would break the uniqueness of this prime factorization. In view of the general phenomenon in classifications in mathematics of objects being too simple to be simple one might say that 1 is “too prime to be prime”.

    diff, v13, current

    • CommentRowNumber2.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018
    • (edited Oct 3rd 2018)

    After the comment on primes as ideals, I added the following remark on how that leads over to the dual perspective of number theory as arithmetic geometry:

    From the Isbell-dual point of view where a commutative ring, such as the integers ℤ\mathbb{Z} is regarded as the ring of functions on some variety, namely on Spec(Z), the fact that prime numbers correspond to maximal ideals means that they correspond to the points in this variety, one also writes

    (p)∈Spec(ℤ). (p) \in Spec(\mathbb{Z}) \,.

    This dual perspective on number theory as being the geometry (algebraic geometry) over Spec(Z) is called arithmetic geometry.

    diff, v13, current

    • CommentRowNumber3.
    • CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018

    In ancient Greece, if that’s what was intended by ’classically’, 1 was largely not considered as a ’number’, let alone a prime number.

    • CommentRowNumber4.
    • CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018

    …they correspond to the points in this variety…

    sounds like all points, when there’s also (0)(0).

    Perhaps drop ’the’, or add ’closed’.

  5. In the 1700s, 1 was considered as a prime number, yes. See for example Goldbach's original formulation of his conjecture.

    Thanks for working on this page, Urs. I'll take a proper look later!
    • CommentRowNumber6.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018
    • (edited Oct 3rd 2018)

    Thanks, right. Changed it to “closed points”.

    • CommentRowNumber7.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018

    For completeness, I have added the pointer at closed point here.

    • CommentRowNumber8.
    • CommentAuthorTodd_Trimble
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018

    The consideration of 11 as a prime continued into the 20 th20^{th} century, at least for some like D.H. Lehmer who famously compiled a list of primes. See page 9 here for evidence.

    • CommentRowNumber9.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeOct 3rd 2018

    Thanks, Todd, I have added that pointer here.

    • CommentRowNumber10.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeAug 18th 2023

    added Euclid’s definition to the top of the entry:

    A prime number is that which is measured (=divided by smaller number) by a monad (=unit) alone.

    [Euclid, Def. 11 of Elements Book VII (~ 400-400 BC), see here]

    diff, v19, current

  11. Clarified the definition

    Connor Lane

    diff, v21, current

  12. fixed typos in previous edit

    Connor Lane

    diff, v21, current

1 to 12 of 12

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