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added pointer to this article, from a few days back:
added this quote:
The Milky Way, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly-clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color.
(Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī in Tadhkira 1261 AD, as translated in Ragep 1993, p. 128)
The relevant page of Plutarch’s work is translated here. The ’milk’ analogy seems to be attributed to Parmenides.
The above was me!
splendor which ariseth from the coalition of many small asterons,
Why are you using “asterons” (ἀστέρων) which is just the genitive plural of “aster” (ἀστήρ) = star?
The Greek is: Δημόκριτος πολλῶν καὶ μικρῶν καὶ συνεχῶν ἀστέρων συμφωτιζομένων ἀλλήλοις συναυγασμὸν διὰ τὴν πύκνωσιν.
Then again there is the question of why in some translations “small stars” becomes “small bodies”.
This Quora brings up the translation issue. https://www.quora.com/How-did-Democritus-recognize-that-the-Milky-Way-consists-of-a-number-of-stars
Re #7. Thanks, yes, that’s the pointer that David C. had given! Had recorded it here, should have said so.
Re #8:
Why are you using…
As you probably suspected, the reason is that I am ignorant. But from that Quora comment it looks like we may just put “stars” instead of “bodies” and have the translation improved thereby. Am making that edit now.
Now that we went this far in this entertaining distraction, we ought to add a quote from Galilei where he first reports seeing the MW stars resolved. I am out of time for this now. But if anyone has a good pointer to an ~original source/quote, let’s add it.
Added this quotation from Galileo
the Galaxy [Milky Way] is nothing else than a congeries of innumerable stars distributed in clusters. To whatever region of it you direct your spyglass, an immense number of stars immediately offer themselves to view, of which very many appear rather large and very conspicuous but the multitude of small ones is truly unfathomable.
Galileo clearly has a point with his:
all the disputes that for so many generations have vexed philosophers are destroyed by visible certainty, and we are liberated from wordy arguments.
For how good was Democritus’ claim really, given that it, apparently, came with no more substantiation than all the others that Plutarch lists.
Reminds one of the long list of predictions of the Higgs mass. A couple of which were right, but nobody is sure if these were right for the right reasons…
Mind you, in case one imagines observation is straightforward, take a look at his Moon on p. 19. That large circular crater on the diameter isn’t really there.
Not to mention the Martian canali.
Footnote 36 is concerned with this point:
It was not Galileo’s purpose to make an accurate map of the Moon, but rather to illustrate its Earth-like nature. It is therefore often difficult to identify features on his drawings.
In view of this scientific shortcoming it is interesting to see from the introduction how the true genius behind all this was his figuring out how to construct a good “spyglass” from the hints he received of that “certain Dutchman” (old tradition of not citing sources properly!) given that, as footnote 24 claims, available mathematical
theory could not, however, give him much guidance in duplicating the invention.
Because, as footnote 31 knows, the idea of pointing telescopes to the moon was not that new, it just needed better instruments:
In fact, in August 1609 Thomas Harriot in England had turned a six-powered spyglass on the Moon—not much better that what could be seen with the naked eye.
Besides the engineering skill, the lead-in shows a remarkable energy for fund-raising.
Hans Lippershey was the Dutchman.
It helped in this case that the instrument had a separate commercial use, allowing merchants to see their ships approaching port sooner.
It’s an intriguing era. Lots of discussion of what it means to see something. Had we lost Adam’s sensory abilities in the Fall? Etc.
Hans Lippershey was the Dutchman.
Makes sense that a Galileo I wouldn’t reference a mere Hans or Thomas.
It helped in this case
But did he have a prototype to inspect, or did he manage to go by verbal hints?
According to Wikipedia
Lippershey’s application for a patent was mentioned at the end of a diplomatic report on an embassy to Holland from the Kingdom of Siam sent by the Siamese king Ekathotsarot: Ambassades du Roy de Siam envoyé à l’Excellence du Prince Maurice, arrivé à La Haye le 10 Septemb. 1608 (Embassy of the King of Siam sent to his Excellency Prince Maurice, arrived at The Hague on 10 September 1608). This report was issued in October 1608 and distributed across Europe, leading to experiments by other scientists, such as the Italian Paolo Sarpi, who received the report in November, and the English mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot, who used a six-powered telescope by the summer of 1609 to observe features on the moon.[36]
The Italian polymath Galileo Galilei was in Venice in June 1609[37] and there heard of the “Dutch perspective glass”, a military spyglass,[38] by means of which distant objects appeared nearer and larger. Galileo states that he solved the problem of the construction of a telescope the first night after his return to Padua from Venice and made his first telescope the next day by using a convex objective lens in one extremity of a leaden tube and a concave eyepiece lens in the other end, an arrangement that came to be called a Galilean telescope.[39] A few days afterwards, having succeeded in making a better telescope than the first, he took it to Venice where he communicated the details of his invention to the public and presented the instrument itself to the doge Leonardo Donato, who was sitting in full council. The senate in return settled him for life in his lectureship at Padua and doubled his salary.
I wonder why the Siamese distributed an embassy report across Europe.
Curious, didn’t know that story. It still leaves open whether Galileo just heard verbal hints or saw technical details in print.(?) But it sounds a little like there was grand-scale breach of the patenting process once the impact of Lippershey’s application transpired. Maybe Lippershey applied for patent in a far-away country like Siam to prevent exactly that? Would be interesting to read-up on, but I fear I am occupied elsewhere now.
Of course, it wasn’t the Siamese doing this, just a report from someone in the Dutch United Provinces about their visit. You can catch a glimpse from around p. 17 of this.
So much going on in this period - Dutch-Spanish politics, etc.
Thanks again for the pointer. That’s an interesting read. On p. 19 it suggests that the concept wasn’t actually new, and that Lipperhey’s contribution was mainly to bring it to the attention of the elite – who promtly saw the potential military application and (as far as the visible text takes me before it breaks off on p. 20) nothing but the military application.
But where were we? Ah right, the Milky Way.
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