# Start a new discussion

## Not signed in

Want to take part in these discussions? Sign in if you have an account, or apply for one below

## Site Tag Cloud

Vanilla 1.1.10 is a product of Lussumo. More Information: Documentation, Community Support.

• CommentRowNumber1.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeMay 15th 2018

• CommentRowNumber2.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeMay 15th 2018

Rasekh speaks of a future goal

Blakers-Massey: One of the classical results of algebraic topology is the Blakers-Massey theorem. We already know it holds in a higher topos [Re05]. Thus the next natural question is to show it also holds in an EHT, using the fact that the proof mainly relies on the descent condition

But we know this about the Blakers-Massey theorem already, no? It says thre about the HoTT proof that

This translates to an internal language proof of Blakers-Massey valid in all (∞,1)-toposes (including elementary (∞,1)-toposes). Unwinding of the fully formal HoTT proof to ordinary mathematical language is, for the special case of the Freudenthal suspension theorem, in (Rezk 14).

• CommentRowNumber3.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeMay 16th 2018

We may as well carry on discussion of this topic here, rather than the parallel thread, since the nLab software sends updates to elementary (infinity,1)-topos here.

With the definition settling down :), perhaps this is a good moment to revisit Joyal-Kripke semantics for HoTT. It was raised back here as something needing some loving attention with regard to n-types cover.

• CommentRowNumber4.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeMay 16th 2018

I’m still trying to finish up the semester, haven’t had a chance to really read Rasekh’s paper yet. Re #2, I guess the point is that Rezk’s manual unwinding should apply essentially verbatim in the elementary case, presuming that it only uses descent rather than any Grothendiecky stuff? (Otherwise, the claim would depend on the conjecture that HoTT is an internal language for (elementary) $(\infty,1)$-toposes.)

• CommentRowNumber5.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeMay 16th 2018
I might be able to explain where the Blakers-Massey came from. There is a good chance that I am over-complicating things and everything has already been done, but here is my perspective: There is already a proof in HoTT. That proof was translated to spaces by Charles Rezk. He also proves that it holds for a higher topos (using model categories). Ideally this means that the proof will also hold for an elementary higher topos, however, I don't know if that directly follows. In particular the arguments by Rezk are focused on spaces. As Mike pointed out the underlying idea should be that everything just depends on descent and other topos theoretic properties, but I personally think this is worth analyzing.

There is also a second motivation I had in mind, which might be less clear from the HoTT perspective. I am hoping to convince more "traditional" algebraic topologists to consider topos theory/higher cats/HoTT. That is also why I called the section algebraic topology. It's interesting how results that are obvious to the HoTT community are surprising to many algebraic topologists. From that perspective having concrete proofs in the language of higher categories seems to be a benefit.
• CommentRowNumber6.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeMay 17th 2018

Thanks for joining in the conversation, Nima. Of course, do feel free to add to the entry elementary (infinity,1)-topos.

results that are obvious to the HoTT community are surprising to many algebraic topologists.

I’d be interested to hear of anything specific that can be said along these lines. Will HoTT insights be expressible as understandable maxims, or will they remain difficult to comprehend.

• CommentRowNumber7.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeMay 17th 2018

There are two proofs by Rezk cited at Blakers-Massey theorem. The first, in Toposes and homotopy toposes, does indeed use model categories. But the second is the one that’s a translation of the HoTT proof and thus uses only elementary topos-theoretic properties, no model categories in sight. The latter writeup does talk about “spaces”, but he says at the beginning

I expect that things go through in an arbitrary ∞-topos.

I think one can just read his note essentially verbatim with “space” translated to “object”. I suppose maybe it would have been better if he’d written it in that language to start with and not trusted the reader to do the translation in their head?

• CommentRowNumber8.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeMay 19th 2018

OK, I am new to the forum and so my comments are more ambiguous than I expected. I will try to clarify.

I’d be interested to hear of anything specific that can be said along these lines. Will HoTT insights be expressible as understandable maxims, or will they remain difficult to comprehend.

When I was talking about the surprise among algebraic topologists I had the following in mind. There are many results that are well-known for spaces, such as truncations, factorizations, Blakers-Massey, … . Many of those results can be generalized, but very often the proof has to be changed. That’s exactly what resulted in the new proof of Blakers-Massey or truncations. In algebraic topology a standard way to construct truncations is the small object argument. That obviously doesn’t work in every setting, which is exactly why a new proof was necessary. As a result of this general fact algebraic topologists can react surprised that certain results about spaces can hold in other settings and I would like to change that.

There are two proofs by Rezk cited at Blakers-Massey theorem. The first, in Toposes and homotopy toposes, does indeed use model categories. But the second is the one that’s a translation of the HoTT proof and thus uses only elementary topos-theoretic properties, no model categories in sight. The latter writeup does talk about “spaces”, but he says at the beginning.

Yes, I had exactly those two proofs in mind in my previous post. I think you are right and the proof can be adjusted to a topos. The one thing that worries me are fiber-wise statements (like Lemma 1.4). By my understanding of the word fiber this only holds for spaces.

• CommentRowNumber9.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeMay 20th 2018

Ah, I didn’t realize Rezk was lazy in his translation that way. Statements like that, of course, should be interpreted in the HoTT sense of “fiberwise”, as a dependent product internal to the topos. You’re right that there would be some additional work to be done in writing that in true $\infty$-categorical language. On the other hand, maybe that work was already done by ABFJ? Their generalized Blakers-Massey theorem is explicitly “valid in an arbitrary higher topos” (as well as “with respect to an arbitrary modality”) and it looks like their proof is written in $\infty$-categorical language.

• CommentRowNumber10.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeMay 20th 2018

I think ABFJ might be a more promising path forward. At least one issue is that some of their results on modalities rely on presentability conditions (for example Proposition 3.1.8 and Proposition 3.3.8). In particular it seems to be needed for the parts where you have to show that we get a factorization system. So, those parts need to be adjusted somehow.

• CommentRowNumber11.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeMay 20th 2018

Right, you do need to be in something like a locally presentable setting in order to generate modalities by an arbitrary set of maps. But the classical Blakers-Massey is, I believe, the special case of their theorem applied to the truncation modalities, and those should exist in the elementary case. Indeed, the fact that truncations can be constructed from finite colimits and an NNO is a big part of what motivated me to suggest that we were ready for a tentative definition of elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos. However, as far as I know, that proof hasn’t been written out in categorical language yet.

But that problem is already mentioned as (III) in your “Algebraic topology” section, so if that’s the only obstacle to applying ABFJ in the elementary case then it doesn’t seem like your problem (II) is really open any more. (Also, I think even in (III) you should say explicitly that the theorem has already been proven in HoTT, and all that remains to do is translate it into categorical language.)

• CommentRowNumber12.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeMay 27th 2018

I agree I should mention the HoTT work on NNO and truncations in the problem section. Thank you for reminding me.

On the ABFJ I am still uncertain. It’s seems promising (and it should be true that descent is enough) but I still need to check in detail to make sure presentability hasn’t snuck into any of the later results.

• CommentRowNumber13.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeMay 27th 2018

That’s fair, but even before the checking has been done, their work (and Rezk’s) should still be mentioned in any discussion of this possibly-still-open problem.

• CommentRowNumber14.
• CommentAuthorspitters
• CommentTimeJun 2nd 2018
• (edited Jun 2nd 2018)

Do we have a precise (classical) connection between Shulman/Rasekh and the work by Joyal, who uses model structures? Constructively, we would first need to develop a theory of $\infty$-categories, probably following Riehl/Shulman, perhaps along the lines of directed type theory and the work by Licata and Weaver slides.

• CommentRowNumber15.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 2nd 2018

Which work by Joyal are you referring to?

• CommentRowNumber16.
• CommentAuthorspitters
• CommentTimeJun 3rd 2018

This one, the one linked to at that elementary+(infinity%2C1)-topos using tribes.

• CommentRowNumber17.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 3rd 2018

Hmm. Well, I haven’t worked out the details, but I expect that one of his presents one of ours, whereas it’s an open question whether every one of ours could be presented by one of his. Some of his axioms (like fibrancy of $\mathbb{N}$) are very strict, so strict that I don’t even know whether every Grothendieck $(\infty,1)$-topos has a model satisfying them. Other than that issue, it looks like the main difference is that he assumes one fixed universe as part of the structure rather than the mere existence of as many universes as necessary, plus the effectiveness of groupoid objects (which is not “elementary” in the sense of “finite”).

• CommentRowNumber18.
• CommentAuthorspitters
• CommentTimeJun 3rd 2018

He seems to restrict to Grothendieck toposes over Reedy categories, I don’t know why he wants $N$ to be fibrant.

It would be good to record this in any case, currently, the page read like the two notions are equivalent.

• CommentRowNumber19.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeJun 3rd 2018

Mike as a follow up to our previous discussion, do you have (or are aware of) a write up of a proof for how to build an NNO in an EHT? I’ve seen you mention this based on the fact that it holds in HoTT, but was wondering if there is an actual higher categorical argument out there.

• CommentRowNumber20.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 4th 2018

I don’t think anyone has compiled the HoTT proof out into a topos-theoretic one. It’s kind of involved.

• CommentRowNumber21.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 4th 2018

My guess would be that he wants N to be fibrant for the same reason the 2LTT people do, so that he can do things like define a fibrant type of semisimplicial types by induction over it.

• CommentRowNumber22.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 5th 2018

Added remarks on how Joyal’s definition differs from the one here.

• CommentRowNumber23.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeJun 5th 2018

Yeah, that is what I was worried about. I think one important step in translating many of the results into an EHT is to have a concrete proof that we can construct an NNO. Well then let me rephrase my question. Do you know of a HoTT proof that would be more amenable to a translation to higher categorical language?

• CommentRowNumber24.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeJun 5th 2018

Fixed a markdown-formatted link whose opening < was replaced by &lt;, so it had rendered looking like raw markdown.

• CommentRowNumber25.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 5th 2018

I think constructing an NNO out of the rest of the structure is more of a curiosity than an impediment to using the definition of EHT. Just like the question of whether we can construct colimits: the important thing is that colimits and the NNO are there; if we can remove them from the definition without changing the fact that they’re there, that’s nice, but it doesn’t make much of a difference in practice.

• CommentRowNumber26.
• CommentAuthornimarasekh
• CommentTimeJun 5th 2018

I thought we need an NNO to make the definition of an EHT work. Specifically the constructions by Egbert Rijke need colimits over countably infinite set. So we either have to assume it (which would be a non-finite assumption and so not elementary?) or we have to prove it.

In particular in your blog post you suggest that one reason why we should not assume NNOs in a topos is exactly because we can prove it’s existence and then use that to recover the results of Rijke in the setting of an EHT.

I think in that sense it is different from finite colimits. It am perfectly willing to assuming we have finite colimits (but it would be cool to know you can recover them), but I think it is important that we can build NNO to avoid assuming it.

Based on your post are you suggesting we should just add the existence of an NNO to the definition of an EHT?

• CommentRowNumber27.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJun 6th 2018

An NNO is perfectly finite and elementary. I don’t think it is any different from finite colimits. The only difference between them is that in the 1-categorical case an NNO is not usually included in the definition and doesn’t follow from it — but probably more theorems about elementary 1-toposes than not add the assumption of an NNO, and there aren’t many interesting examples that lack one; so arguably it could just as well have been included.

I think in a paper proving (say) the Blakers-Massey theorem in an EHT it would be perfectly in order to state the definition including an NNO and then say “it is expected that the existence of an NNO can be proven from the other axioms; this has been shown in homotopy type theory, which is conjecturally the internal language of EHTs, but the general internal language theorem has not yet been proven and the construction of an NNO has not yet been manually compiled out into categorical language.”

• CommentRowNumber28.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeJun 6th 2018

OT: about toposes without NNO… I guess sheaves of finite sets on a finite site, but are there finite versions of realisability topses? Lurie’s recent course on categorical logic ended up with $\infty$-pretoposes of finite homotopy types, which aren’t $\infty$-toposes, so that’s kind of an indication of the boundary between EHT and higher pretoposes as far as possessing NNO/W-types goes.

• CommentRowNumber29.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 8th 2018
• (edited Sep 8th 2018)

Two new references

• Nima Rasekh, Yoneda Lemma for Elementary Higher Toposes, (arXiv:1809.01736)

• Nima Rasekh, Every Elementary Higher Topos has a Natural Number Object, (arXiv:1809.01734)

What can be said already of the relation between what can be proved in HoTT and what holds in all elementary (∞,1)-toposes, and of processes to translate between such proofs?

• CommentRowNumber30.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeSep 8th 2018

I guess every elementary higher topos should thus admit all W-types? Or at least all finitary ones (those associated to polynomial functors given by formal power series).

• CommentRowNumber31.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 8th 2018

What can be said already of the relation between what can be proved in HoTT and what holds in all elementary (∞,1)-toposes, and of processes to translate between such proofs?

At the moment, nothing general and precise. Being able to deduce automatically that HoTT theorems hold in elementary (∞,1)-toposes would require at least (with current technology) knowing how to present any elementary (∞,1)-topos by a suitable kind of fibration category, which is something that we almost know how to do with Grothendieck (∞,1)-toposes (the universes are still too weak in general), but in the elementary case we haven’t much of a clue. There is also the disputed initiality principle. In the other direction, one would need to show that the homotopy (∞,1)-category of the fibration category built out of HoTT syntax is an elementary (∞,1)-topos, which also has not been done; I think the best result we have is Chris Kapulkin’s theorem that it is locally cartesian closed. So at the moment we’re at the stage of only being able to translate proofs “by hand”, which unfortunately isn’t feasible for very long and involved ones like the impredicative construction of an NNO that I formalized in HoTT.

• CommentRowNumber32.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 8th 2018

In addition, although I don’t understand Rasekh’s construction of an NNO yet, I do see that he uses non-elementary means, e.g. an infinite limit of categories of diagrams. It’s not immediately clear how to translate such an argument into HoTT manually, although if we believe that the homotopy (∞,1)-category of HoTT is an elementary (∞,1)-topos then there must be a way.

• CommentRowNumber33.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018
• (edited Sep 24th 2018)

I watched Mike’s very nice talk yesterday – Towards elementary infinity-toposes.

I have a question. So you explain why we can have a subobject classifier straight away, but need to go about things more subtly with object classifiers, since monomorphisms are either equal or not. This shows they can be treated differently, but should they be?

I recall from discussions several years ago, you thinking it better to keep a logical level separate from the type theory. I thought the realisation that the $(-1)$-level is just one level and of no greater significance than any other was to be taken as a sign that ’logic’ is just an integral part of the whole, the result of a truncation. Shouldn’t the definition of elementary infinity-toposes keep to this egalitarian treatment?

Anonymous

• CommentRowNumber35.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

I think I should read up on propositional resizing - a page which needs to be created.

• CommentRowNumber36.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

If one were to imagine an $\infty$-Elephant, I guess the 6 section structure continues to make sense: as categories; 2-categorical aspects; as spaces; as theories; homotopy and cohomology; as mathematical universes. In fact, maybe some, like the fifth, work out much better.

• CommentRowNumber37.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

But that’s the general phenomenon: $\infty$-Category theory has all the structures familiar from plain category theory, plus a bunch of improvements.

From way back in 2007, when I first saw André Joyal speak at the Fields institute here, I (seem to) remember that this is how he introduced the topic of what we now call $\infty$-category theory. He started his talk (paraphrasing from memory) with saying: “In this talk I want to convince you that $\infty$-category theory exists, and behaves much like ordinary category theory.” Of course he said “quasi-categories” instead of “$\infty$-categories”.

• CommentRowNumber38.
• CommentAuthorspitters
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

Yes, Andre had the same message at 3WFTOP.

• CommentRowNumber39.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

I wasn’t presenting this as a surprise that much remains as before, but rather a chance to think on Johnstone’s choice of sixfold account, and how things might be organised from the $\infty$ perspective. I could imagine some shuffling about at the very least.

• CommentRowNumber40.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

I see. Regarding the Elephant, I was always thinking that the reason why volume 3 keeps (or kept?) being delayed is that the topic of that volume (cohomology) works really well only once passing from toposes to $\infty$-toposes.

• CommentRowNumber41.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

I definitely agree with #40: Part E of the 1-Elephant was outdated before it was written. (-: Although I am still hoping to read Part F one day.

This shows they can be treated differently, but should they be?

They certainly need not be (funny how “need not” and “should not” have such different semantics in English). I wrote about this back here. But it’s a question of terminology: in the 1-category case, an “elementary topos” has an impredicative subobject classifier, so I think it’s best to stick to that usage in the $\infty$ case, with alternative terms like “predicative ($\infty$-)topos” for the predicative case. That way we can say sensible-sounding things like “the category of 0-truncated objects in an elementary $\infty$-topos is an elementary 1-topos”.

• CommentRowNumber42.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

Thanks! I don’t even remember that thread. I see it ends

I was already suspicious of the suboject classifier in toposes; type theory is much more elegant without an equivalent of this (Prop, the type of propositions)…Now that these inelegances are out of the way, I am much more interested in topos theory.

Earlier, however, you’d linked elegance with predicativity, and effective computation with its opposite. But perhaps elegance is in the eye of the beholder.

• CommentRowNumber43.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

I assume you mean I linked elegance with impredicativity. Yes, elegance is certainly one of the things that’s in the eye of the beholder. However, I do see Itai’s point (he being the one you are quoting about the elegance of type theory). Roughly, the problem is that propositional resizing is an axiom, rather than something expressible as a rule. On the other hand you can formulate a type theory with a specified “type of propositions” $Prop$ that’s impredicative in the sense of admitting quantifications over types in arbitrary universes (for instance, Coq does this), but then you don’t know (unless you assert it as another axiom) that every type with the property of “being a proposition” (i.e. $isprop(A) \equiv \prod_{x,y:A} Id(x,y)$) is equivalent to something in $Prop$. In the traditional perspective on 1-topos theory, this rears its head as the fact that higher-order logic cannot prove the axiom of unique choice, even though it holds in all toposes (because HOL has other models, like strong-subobject logic in quasitoposes, where AUC fails).

Maybe the point is that we’re applying the same adjective to different things: impredicative proofs are more elegant, but predicative formal systems are more elegant.

• CommentRowNumber44.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

Yes, impredicativity.

Interesting stuff.

• CommentRowNumber45.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

In your talk Mike, you responded to a comment I couldn’t hear by saying something like “that paper has a mistake” and that you were in contact with the author. What paper was that? I notice you didn’t mention Rasekh’s work on NNOs, so I was wondering if it was this.

• CommentRowNumber46.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 24th 2018

Yes, it’s that one.

• CommentRowNumber47.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeSep 25th 2018

OK, thanks. I was going to ask him if from NNOs one gets all W-types in an elementary $\infty$-topos, but I guess you’re the person to ask now :-)

• CommentRowNumber48.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 25th 2018

I haven’t worked it out, but I expect so, in the same way one does in an elementary 1-topos.

• CommentRowNumber49.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 25th 2018

Back on #42-43: On the other hand, one might argue that the most elegant formal system is the maximally impredicative one with $Type:Type$

• CommentRowNumber50.
• CommentAuthorAli Caglayan
• CommentTimeSep 26th 2018
• (edited Sep 26th 2018)

Concerning #49: What are some good references about Type:Type? I understand that Girards paradox gives us a non-normalising well type term, but can one be a bit clever and avoid these kinds of terms? I have seen for example in the UniMath library that Type:Type is okay as long as one treads carefully. What exactly is meant by this?

• CommentRowNumber51.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeSep 26th 2018

Perhaps this post – Universe Polymorphism and Typical Ambiguity – for a start.

• CommentRowNumber52.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeSep 26th 2018

I have seen for example in the UniMath library that Type:Type is okay as long as one treads carefully. What exactly is meant by this?

You’d have to ask the UniMath authors. The only thing I can think of that they might have meant by “tread carefully” is “only write down things that could be formalized using a hierarchy of universes instead”, i.e. don’t actually make any use of Type:Type. Universe polymorphism and typical ambiguity, as implemented in modern Coq, are ways that you can sometimes forget about this and just write “Type” whenever you want a universe, and the computer can make sure for you that universe hierarchy levels can be consistently assigned. (In practice, some manual universe level management seems often to be required whenever you’re working seriously with multiple universes, though this could just be a limitation of current tools.)

People do sometimes like to use Type:Type when implementing new type theories, just because it’s simpler and doesn’t get in the way of understanding whatever new features you want to focus on. And if you’re regarding type theory as a programming language for actually writing real-world programs, then non-normalizing terms need not be worrisome, since real-world programming language usually include general recursion (and hence plenty of non-terminating programs) anyway. (And in fact, from Type:Type you can construct a looping combinator and thereby obtain general recursion.) To take an example I happened to be reading recently, this paper writes

…we analyze and implement a partial type checking algorithm for the inconsistent theory Type:Type … The motivation for this work is to implement type checkers for dependently typed programming languages which support general recursion… We use Type:Type as a test case for a language with dependent types avoiding the syntactic complexity of a full programming language.

The problem only comes in when you also want to use type theory to prove things, because a non-normalizing term of type $\emptyset$ would be a proof of a contradiction. (I have some further thoughts about that, but they haven’t coalesced enough to talk about yet.)

• CommentRowNumber53.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeJan 7th 2019

• CommentRowNumber54.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeAug 22nd 2019

I see Mathieu Anel writes on the subject of ’enough univalent maps’ on slide 62 of his HoTTEST talk:

I don’t know how to deduce this from condition EUM. (I think this is a mistake in the n-lab page on “elementary ∞-topoi”, and in N. Rasekhpaper.)

Has this been resolved? I think the slides aren’t quite the same as those shown in his talk.

• CommentRowNumber55.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 23rd 2019

I haven’t heard about this objection before. As far as I can see, his conditions “has descent” and “$\alpha$-EUM” are not elementary, hence inappropriate for a notion of elementary $\infty$-topos. (The first refers to arbitrary colimits, while the latter refers to $\alpha$-filtered unions for some external cardinal $\alpha$.) So it’s not clear to me what he thinks should be changed.

• CommentRowNumber56.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 23rd 2019

It sounds like his issue with the nLab page is that the definition includes only what he calls “EUM” (every morphism is classified by some universe), whereas his “$\alpha$-EUM” (additionally, any $\alpha$-small family of maps is jointly classified by some universe) is necessary in order to prove that ($\alpha$-small) colimits satisfy descent. Our proofs don’t ignore that issue: we show that in the case $\alpha=\omega$, condition EUM implies $\omega$-EUM, because finite coproducts are automatically disjoint (Theorems 3.2 and 3.3 on the page). But perhaps he thinks there is a mistake in that argument? The slides and talk don’t say. I’ll see if I can get him to show up here.

• CommentRowNumber57.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 23rd 2019

He also makes some remarks in that talk about not believing there is a good notion of elementary $\infty$-topos, but I’m not convinced by his arguments. It’s true that there is no $\infty$-analogue of the elementary 1-topos of finite sets, but everyone has been aware of that since day one; by itself that doesn’t invalidate the search for a definition and other examples. On slide 83 he also mentions that truncations and idempotent-splitting are countable colimits, but those are both things that we now know how to do in HoTT using only finite colimits and an internal natural numbers object (hence “internal” countable colimits), and we also know that every elementary $\infty$-topos does have a NNO. So I don’t see any problem there; it’s true that an elementary $\infty$-topos may not be externally Cauchy-complete, but it should be internally so.

• CommentRowNumber58.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 25th 2019

By private email, Mathieu agrees now that our proof works.

• CommentRowNumber59.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeAug 26th 2019

The page currently says

This argument is formalized in type theory here; to be precise either it would have to be translated manually into category-theoretic language, or the above conjecture about interpreting type theory in an elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos would have to be proven.

since this is now proved (more or less?), the page should point to Mike’s work, no?

• CommentRowNumber60.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeAug 26th 2019

Re #58, good to hear.

• CommentRowNumber61.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 26th 2019

Re #59, no, what I proved is that Book HoTT can be interpreted in Grothendieck $(\infty,1)$-toposes – plus the universes aren’t yet closed under HITs.

• CommentRowNumber62.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeAug 26th 2019

Oh, of course. I didn’t notice the qualification about elementary $(\infty,1)$-toposes.

• CommentRowNumber63.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeAug 26th 2019

But the very definition of elementary $(\infinity,1)$-topos+X should be: an $(\infinity,1)$-category that interprets HoTT+UV+X

It will be of interest to come up with other characterizations that are non-obviously equivalent to this one. But if it doesn’t interpret HoTT+UV, it shouldn’t be called an elementary $(\infinity,1)$-topos in the first place, lest you break the etymology of “elementary topos”.

• CommentRowNumber64.
• CommentAuthorDavidRoberts
• CommentTimeAug 26th 2019

But people don’t define an elementary 1-topos to be a category whose internal language is intuitionistic higher logic, do they? That would be a fairly sterile definition. Ideally it would be a theorem that elementary higher toposes as defined by Mike et al are precisely the thing, but in any case, if that doesn’t work, some definition not depending on the internal language would be good, if nothing else than to provide a semantic model

• CommentRowNumber65.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeAug 27th 2019

Elementary toposes are exactly the syntactic categories, with respect to logical functors, of higher-order intuitionistic type theories. This is why elementary topoi matter in logic and mathematical foundations.

It is interesting, and widely common, to have other, equivalent, characterizations of elementary topoi by other, usually category theoretic properties. But if you’d propose a category theoretic definition of elementary topos which does’t interpret higher order intuitionistic logic, people would rightly complain, not necessarily that your definition is not interesting, but that you are abusing terminology in naming it.

Similarly here: It makes no sense to worry in generality if HoTT+UV+X interprets in elementary infinity-toposes+X, for if it didn’t, we would be using a bad definition of elementary infinity-toposes or else would be breaking the etymology of the term.

This is not to say that it’s not an open problem to find category-theoretic characterizations of the class of infinity-categories which interpret HoTT+UV+X, it’s just to get your language straight.

So if you like to think of Mike’s result (all Grothendieck infinity-toposes interpret HoTT+UV) in terms of the concept of elementary infinity-toposes, the statement he proved is this:

Every Grothendieck infinity-topos is in particular an elementary infinity-topos.

As it should be.

This is true irrespective of which category-theoretic characterization of elementary infinity-toposes you will eventually discover, because no matter which one it is, if it qualifies then it has to make this true.

• CommentRowNumber66.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 27th 2019

While you have some valid points, Urs, overall I disagree. Whatever an elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos is, it should be a category-theoretic definition. The category-theoretic properties appearing in it should, certainly, be the ones that “correspond” in some sense to type-theoretic ones, but the coherence question of whether these $(\infty,1)$-category-theoretic notions can be strictified into those that are used in traditional type theory — or whether, in order to interpret type theory into elementary $(\infty,1)$-toposes we have to weaken the type theory somehow — is entirely unrelated to the correct definition of elementary $(\infty,1)$-topoi as categories.

Suppose someone defined a category to be an “X-category” if it has a bunch of properties and in addition is equivalent to some category whose set of objects is well-orderable. I think most of us would instinctively say “ick, that’s not a category-theoretic definition”. Similarly, an elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos should not be defined in terms of the existence of a strict presentation of some sort (which is what your proposal amounts to): it should be defined by $(\infty,1)$-categorical properties.

We do of course intend that it be true that some kind of type theory be interpretable into elementary $(\infty,1)$-toposes. But we have the freedom to modify the type theory as well, if necessary to make this true. It’s not as if type theory is God-given and we have to choose the notion of topos to match it: we can also choose the type theory to match our notion of topos.

One definite mismatch, which I believe is nevertheless correct, is the treatment of universes. Most type theories come equipped with a specified countable tower of universes that exhaust all types; but I think it would be silly to insist that elementary $(\infty,1)$-toposes do (in particular, Grothendieck ones do not, unless you assume that the proper-class cardinal is an $\omega$-limit of inaccessibles, which seems arbitrary and weird). This doesn’t get in the way of interpreting type theory into toposes, but some other mismatches (e.g. if we use a type theory that is stricter than we know how to strictify our toposes to) might.

• CommentRowNumber67.
• CommentAuthorAli Caglayan
• CommentTimeAug 28th 2019

It may also be interesting to point out that people aren’t interested in “elementary $(\infty, 1)$-toposes” because it interprets homotopy type theory or that it is given by homotopy type theory, but because it gives a more general setting for doing whatever it is people do in Grothendieck $(\infty, 1)$-toposes. The key difference is that you don’t have all your objects being sheaves. From what I have gathered from speaking to people, the nice features of sheaves, such as having colimits and descent, ought to be enough for whatever it is you do in these categories.

There are also currently examples of elementary $(\infty, 1)$-toposes that are not Grothendieck, albeit with the assumption of 2-inaccessible cardinals. I have no idea, nor will a presume to know, if these are useful however :-)

• CommentRowNumber68.
• CommentAuthorAli Caglayan
• CommentTimeAug 28th 2019
• (edited Aug 28th 2019)

Edit: Slow internet posoted twice

• CommentRowNumber69.
• CommentAuthorspitters
• CommentTimeFeb 19th 2020

Has there been any progress in the understanding of Joyal’s definition. E.g. the “unresolved coherence questions”, the interpretation of type theory in them, …

• CommentRowNumber70.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeOct 20th 2020

Comprehension schemes are used to characterize categorical properties of elementary ∞-toposes in

• CommentRowNumber71.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

• Mathieu Anel, The elementary infinity-topos of truncated coherent spaces, arxiv, 2021
• CommentRowNumber72.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021
• CommentRowNumber73.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

Strange title if in fact these things don’t form an elementary infinity-topos, e.g., lacking pushouts.

• CommentRowNumber74.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021
• (edited Jul 6th 2021)

I still think that “elementary $\infty$-topos” ought to be taken to be whatever interprets HoTT+UV, because that’s the $\infty$-analog of the relevant characterization of elementary toposes.

Looking at the corresponding paragraph (here) I have slightly updated by adding pointers to

and to

• CommentRowNumber75.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

I still think that “elementary $\infty$-topos” ought to be taken to be whatever interprets HoTT+UV,…

What’s this aimed at? The definition we have on the page?

• CommentRowNumber76.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

Sorry for being unclear, this was meant in response to your #73: Existence of pushouts is not required for interpreting HoTT+UV (disregarding HITs), is it. But yes, in the entry, too, it is unclear – given the lead-in paragraphs – why def. 2.1 requires colimits.

• CommentRowNumber77.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

I see. I wonder then if Anel is agreeing with you, given his choice of title.

• CommentRowNumber78.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

Looking again at Anel’s text, it seems he does not mention any type theory, but surely he must have thought about this.

Regarding the entry: I take back that it remains unclear why Def. 2.1 requires colimits, as the text before is quite explicit about wanting to interpret HITs. But then maybe it would be better to break this up into $1 + n$ definitions: A basic one not requiring any extra colimits and then any number of add-on variants. Interesting would be to have a diagram of variants with bare elementary $\infty$-toposes at the bottom, Grothendieck $\infty$-toposes on top, and everything that is of relevance in practice in between.

• CommentRowNumber79.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

Why would you want to omit HITs from HoTT? Maybe the more exotic sorts of HITs are debatable, but surely finite colimits are a basic enough part of mathematics that they should be included in any foundation worth of the name?

Let me point out one more time that the original definition of elementary 1-topos included the existence of finite colimits explicitly. They were only removed from the definition after they were shown to be constructible from the other axioms. So it’s not as if their existence in an elementary 1-topos is accidental; the accident is rather that they don’t need to be included explicitly in the definition in order to be present.

• CommentRowNumber80.
• CommentAuthorHurkyl
• CommentTimeJul 6th 2021

I can empathize with omitting finite colimits; they feel rather more complex in homotopy theory than set theory.

It’s hard to put to words, but I think maybe a good way to explain it is that in classical first-order logic, taking the quotient by an equivalence relation can be viewed as syntactic sugar for working with a setoids, which you can already discuss in that language with suitable syntactic conventions. And setoids are equivalent to sets anyways. So including quotients by equivalence relations isn’t really increasing the power of the language, just the convenience.

Similarly coequalizers can be reinterpreted as the construction of a set with a binary relation on it – and in a sufficiently rich context like an elementary 1-topos, one can generate an equivalence relation from it.

It’s less obvious to me that pushouts or coequalizers are so natural in homotopy theory. Maybe it’s just because I don’t know HoTT well.

• CommentRowNumber81.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021

In homotopy theory itself, surely colimits are everywhere: cell complex, mapping cylinder, etc.

• CommentRowNumber82.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021

This style of argument seems inadequate to me:

X is used a lot in maths, therefore an elementary $\infty$-topos should support X.

And it’s witnessed in practice: There was and is much discussion of HoTT without HITs – and before HITs have even been conceived.

Dependent type theory encodes the basics of logic, univalent universe encode the self-reflection. Logic+universes, that makes a good foundations of maths.

Lots of external colimits are already implicit in the dependent sums.

A zoo of structure beyond this is desireable (I want cohesion!) but may be regarded as an add-on to the bare-bones foundations.

Apart from such informal arguments, Mathieu’s article seems to be an excellent formal argument to regard HIT’s as an add-on to elementary foundations.

• CommentRowNumber83.
• CommentAuthorRichard Williamson
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021
• (edited Jul 7th 2021)

I think David was just responding to this:

It’s less obvious to me that pushouts or coequalizers are so natural in homotopy theory.

I agree completely with Mike on this. What are the most fundamental examples of $(\infty,1)$-topoi? Undoubtedly, the answer is: free $(\infty,1)$-co-completions (all other Grothendieck $(\infty,1)$-topoi can of course be derived from these). An elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos should encode the finite version of that, and if I were to give the definition of an elementary 1-topos, I would include finite colimits there too, even though one can derive their existence from the other axioms.

I still think that the prototypical elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos should be the closure of the point under finite $(\infty,1)$-colimits and finite $(\infty,1)$-limits. In particular, the prototypical elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos should be something which recovers the category of finite sets if one replaces $(\infty,1)-$ by $1-$. In the 1-categorical world it is enough of course to take the closure under finite colimits, but the result is not closed under finite limits in the $(\infty,1)$-case; probably one can view it as an ’accident’ that this is true in 1-category theory, and that the ’correct’ thing in general is to take closure under both.

Edit: one could of course consider the notion of an ’elementary $(r,s,1)$-topos’, the prototypical example of which would be closure of the point under finite $(r,1)$-colimits and finite $(s,1)$-limits, where $(0,1)$-colimits means discrete colimits, i.e. coproducts. All of these, for any $r$ and $s$, would generalise finite sets in the way I wish.Then truncated coherent spaces would be an elementary $(0,\infty,1)$-topos I think, whereas an example of an elementary $(\infty, \infty,1)$-topos would be the kind of thing I have in mind in the previous paragraph, which can also be described as the closure of finite spaces under finite $(\infty,1)$-limits, i.e. a different way to resolve the closure issues that Anel mentions in his introduction.

• CommentRowNumber84.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021

There was and is much discussion of HoTT without HITs – and before HITs have even been conceived.

And yet, one of the first things Voevodsky did in UF without HITs was construct quotients of equivalence relations, and to ensure that they existed and had good properties he introduced questionable resizing axioms.

I’m not sure why you find the X argument inadequate, because the whole point of an elementary topos, or foundation of mathematics, is to support what we do in mathematics.

• CommentRowNumber85.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021

taking the quotient by an equivalence relation can be viewed as syntactic sugar for working with a setoids, which you can already discuss in that language with suitable syntactic conventions. And setoids are equivalent to sets anyways

Setoids are only equivalent to sets in the presence of the axiom of choice. In its absence, quotient sets are not syntactic sugar for setoids, they are something genuinely new. And semantically, the extra generality obtained by adding quotients rather than working with setoids is important, because not all toposes are free exact completions. And since we know already that higher homotopy types can’t satisfy as strong an axiom of choice as sets can, the analogous kind of “setoid” is even less justifiable.

• CommentRowNumber86.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021
• (edited Jul 7th 2021)

If the point of an elementary $\infty$-topos were to provide an “$\infty$-categorical context for 1-dimensional mathematics”, then I could see leaving out arbitrary pushouts/coequalizers and assuming only a more limited collection of HITs that are relevant for 1-dimensional mathematics, like quotients of equivalence relations on sets, $n$-truncations for $n\le 0$, etc. (This is, I think, closer to what Voevodsky was after.) But surely the point of an elementary $\infty$-topos is to provide a context for $\infty$-categorical mathematics, i.e. homotopy theory? Homotopy theory as we know it would be impossible without things like spheres, cell complexes, suspensions, and cofibers.

• CommentRowNumber87.
• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield
• CommentTimeJul 7th 2021
• (edited Jul 7th 2021)

I see Anel does declare his position

The purpose of this note is to prove that $\mathcal{S}^{\lt \infty}_{coh}$, on the contrary, is very well behaved and should be considered an example of an elementary $\infty$-topos.

Presumably people will work on the different fragments, as suggested in #78. But it would be good to agree on naming conventions.

• CommentRowNumber88.
• CommentAuthorMike Shulman
• CommentTimeAug 27th 2021

• CommentRowNumber89.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeDec 16th 2021

which is the only one of the listed articles by this author that seems to have been published to date (?)

2. adding speculated example of an elementary (infinity,1)-topos to examples section

Anonymous

• CommentRowNumber91.
• CommentAuthorUrs
• CommentTimeMay 30th 2022
• (edited May 30th 2022)

I have split the paragraph into a first line

There is presently no known example of an elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos which is not a Grothendieck (∞,1)-topos, though there are some ideas.

to which I added pointer to Anel 2021.

and the remainder

Peter Scholze speculates in this comment on the nCafé that the (∞,1)-category $\mathrm{Cond}\infty\mathrm{Grpd}$ of condensed $\infty$-groipoids might form a predicative elementary (∞,1)-topos which is not a Grothendieck (∞,1)-topos.

• CommentRowNumber92.
• CommentAuthorAmartya
• CommentTimeJul 31st 2022

Added reference to Nima Rasekh’s filter product construction of elementary oo-topoi that aren’t Grothendieck oo-topoi , with a brief sketch of the construction in the Examples section

• CommentRowNumber93.
• CommentAuthorProfessor REZA
• CommentTimeAug 3rd 2022
an ∞-topos is, roughly, an ∞-category such that its objects behave like sheaves of spaces with some choice of Grothendieck topology; in other words, it gives an intrinsic notion of sheaves without reference to an external space.In view of this , We have by now arrived at the study of homotopy
invariant mathematics. In particular, there is now a well developed theory of
homotopy invariant categories, known as (∞, 1)-categories or simply ∞-categories
, which have been used extensively in many areas relevant to homotopy
theory, such as homotopy coherent algebraic structures or derived geometry
The theory of Grothendieck toposes has successfully been generalized to the
higher categorical setting – both in the context of model categories [Rez10] and
∞-categories – giving rise to the notion of (Grothendieck-)∞-topos.