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    • CommentRowNumber1.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeFeb 24th 2010

    am expanding the entry on smooth algebra (aka C^\infty-rings, see the query box discussion there): more examples, more properties, etc.

    But have to interrupt now.

    • CommentRowNumber2.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010
    • (edited Apr 26th 2010)

    Please somebody give me a sanity check on this. I ought to understand this, but I feel a little unsure that I am not overlooking something stupid.

    I want to see if the forgetful functor U:C RingAlg U : C^\infty Ring \to Alg_{\mathbb{R}} from C C^\infty-rings aka smooth algebras to ordinary \mathbb{R}-algebras has a left adjoint.

    Evidently the functor preserves all small limits, so I want to check if the adjoint functor theorem applies. Take the third of the three sufficient conditions listed there: C RingC^\infty Ring should be cototal and AlgAlg locally small. The latter is clearly true, so is C RingC^\infty Ring cototal?

    It would seem to me that it clearly is, just as Alg Alg_{\mathbb{R}} is. But maybe I am making some dumb mistake.

    let X[C Ring,Set]X \in [C^\infty Ring, Set] be a functor, AA a C C^\infty-ring and Hom C Ring(A,)Hom_{C^\infty Ring}(A,-) its image under the Yoneda embedding. Then

    Hom [C Ring,Set](X,Hom(A,))= BC RingHom Set(X(B),Hom(A,B)). Hom_{[C^\infty Ring,Set]}(X, Hom(A,-)) = \int_{B \in C^\infty Ring} Hom_{Set}(X(B), Hom(A,B) ) \,.

    In the integrand we have simply |X(B)||X(B)|-many morphisms from AA to BB. So this is

    BHom C Ring(A, X(B)B)Hom C Ring(A, B X(B)B)=Hom C Ring op( B X(B)B,A) \cdots \simeq \int_B Hom_{C^\infty Ring}(A, \prod_{X(B)} B) \simeq Hom_{C^\infty Ring}(A, \int_{B} \prod_{X(B)} B) = Hom_{C^\infty Ring^{op}}(\int_{B} \prod_{X(B)} B, A)

    This gives a left adjoint to the Yoneda embedding C Ring op[C Ring,Set]C^\infty Ring^{op} \hookrightarrow [C^\infty Ring, Set] by X B X(B)BX \mapsto \int_B \prod_{X(B)} B.

    Is that right? Am I making a stupid mistake somewhere?

    • CommentRowNumber3.
    • CommentAuthorTodd_Trimble
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010

    Perhaps I’ll need a sanity check myself, but I think the left adjoint exists on very general grounds. I think I can simplify the argument as follows:

    Suppose given any morphism of finitary monads f:STf: S \to T. Here SS will be the free algebra monad on SetSet, TT will be the free smooth algebra monad, and

    fX:SXTXf X: S X \to T X

    is the inclusion which takes an XX-ary operation for the theory SS to the corresponding “smooth” XX-ary operation for the theory TT. The forgetful functor pulls back a TT-algebra ξ:TXX\xi: T X \to X along fXf X to obtain an SS-algebra ξfX:SXX\xi \circ f X: S X \to X.

    The left adjoint takes an algebra θ:SXX\theta: S X \to X to the (reflexive) coequalizer of the pair

    TSXTθ(μ TTf)XTXT S X \stackrel{\overset{(\mu_T \circ T f)X}{\to}}{\underset{T\theta}{\to}} T X

    living in the category of TT-algebras, where μ:TTT\mu: T T \to T is the monad multiplication. This may be denoted T SXT \circ_S X, by analogy with tensor products.

    I expect a crucial observation that this construction works is that a finitary monad TT (meaning a monad which arises from a Lawvere theory) preserves reflexive coequalizers, more or less because finite power functors xx nx \mapsto x^n preserve reflexive coequalizers. Followed by a longish diagram chase which is more or less the same as for an analogous argument for modules over rings. I’ll try to check this more carefully in a bit.

    • CommentRowNumber4.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010

    I think the left adjoint exists on very general grounds.

    Okay, good, that’s what I expected. Thanks, Todd.

    I would have taken this as evident had not somebody who ought to be expert on this made a remark that contradicted this in some informal discussion. I figured there must have been a misunderstanding, but now I got worried that I was overlooking something very simple.

    All right, thanks again.

    • CommentRowNumber5.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010
    • (edited Apr 26th 2010)

    I filled this discussion into the section The underlying ordinary algebra at smooth algebra.

    Todd, please check to see if I reproduced your comment to your satisfaction. Otherwise please edit.

    • CommentRowNumber6.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010

    Todd,

    over at smooth algebra you added a query box asking for my proposed proof that C AlgC^\infty Alg is cototal. I stated that above in this thread here. Please have a look.

    • CommentRowNumber7.
    • CommentAuthorTodd_Trimble
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010

    Right, I saw in # 1 that you asked whether C AlgC^\infty Alg is cototal. Oh, I see now, you are sketching a proof; sorry. :-/ Let me have a closer look later; I want to see why this case would go through but doesn’t for the case of groups (according to Richard Wood).

    • CommentRowNumber8.
    • CommentAuthorTodd_Trimble
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010

    Okay, I took a look, and one problem I think I see with this formal argument is that the end you wrote down looks like a limit of a large diagram, and there’s no clear indication why it should exist in C AlgC^\infty Alg, which is small-complete. This is one of those annoying calculations where size may matter (annoying because it looks formally correct after all). The question remains whether C AlgC^\infty Alg is nevertheless cototal after all; I’d have to think about it some more.

    • CommentRowNumber9.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010
    • (edited Apr 26th 2010)

    Thanks, Tood. I appreciate that a lot.

    right, size issues: but actually what I have in mind is the small site of Coo-rings, which is that of finitely generated Coo-rings only. That’s the one used in this business. I’ll add that qualifier to the Lab entry now. Wouldn’t that solve the problem? Ah, hm, then I have to argue that B X(B)B\int_B \prod_{X(B)} B is still finitely generated. Hm.

    I should admit that the argument here is inspired by what Bertrand Toen does around page 43 here. The adjunction he states there is precisely the one I am talking about, only that he considers k-algebras and not smooth algebras. But he has some careful universe-gymnastics earlier on. I should check that more carefully.

    • CommentRowNumber10.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010
    • (edited Apr 26th 2010)

    Hm, I realize that I don’t understand how the size issue is actually resolved in Toen’s article either. How embarrasing.

    So he invokes a universe 𝕌\mathbb{U} and a bigger one 𝕍\mathbb{V} containing the former. Then Alg kAlg_k for him is algebras in 𝕍\mathbb{V} (bottom of p. 37).

    Then when he talks about that left adjoint we have been talking about, Alg k op[Alg k,Set 𝕍]Alg_k^{op} \leftarrow [Alg_k, Set_{\mathbb{V}}], given by 𝒪(F)= BAlg k F(B)B\mathcal{O}(F) = \int_{B \in Alg_k} \prod_{F(B)} B on p. 43, he remarks that 𝒪(F)\mathcal{O}(F) is not generally in 𝕌\mathbb{U}. But why is it in 𝕍\mathbb{V}?? I think I am missing something here…

    • CommentRowNumber11.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeApr 26th 2010
    • (edited Apr 26th 2010)

    Oh, now I get it. We talk there about the adjunction

    Alg k(𝕍) op[Alg k(𝕌),Set]. Alg_k(\mathbb{V})^{op} \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\to} [Alg_k(\mathbb{U}), Set] \,.

    Okay, never mind me, I am just being stupid. But at least I understand it now. :-)

    • CommentRowNumber12.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeNov 15th 2016

    I am moving the following ancient query box out of the entry smooth algebra to here:


    +– {: .query} I don't see why this is a problem; it's not like our ‘\infty’ ever gets into a superscript. I find ‘C C^\infty-ring’ much more descriptive than ’generalized smooth algebra’, in fact. —Toby

    Urs Schreiber: I’ll see what to do about it here. Over at derived smooth manifolds and related entried before long we’ll have to be talking about “C \infty-C^\infty-rings” or C C^\infty_\infty-rings or the like, which is not good. Also, the term “C C^\infty-ring” hides that it is necessarily an \mathbb{R}-algebras. Finally, the entire theory is really a special case of algebras over a Fermat theory and hence most other examples of a similar kind will by default be called algebras, not rings. For all these reasons I find “C C^\infty-ring” an unfortunate term. But of course I am aware that it is entirely standard.

    I am not sure about ring vs algebra, however, I am for using the word “smooth” instead of the symbol C C^\infty. This is similar to the term “smooth map” to mean C C^\infty map. — Colin Tan

    =–

    • CommentRowNumber13.
    • CommentAuthorTodd_Trimble
    • CommentTimeNov 16th 2016

    Now that this thread has been resurrected, let me return to my over-6-year-old promise in #8 to “think about it [whether C AlgC^\infty Alg is cototal] some more”, in case it is of any interest.

    Unless I’m missing something, it’s not cototal. We can adapt one of the standard proofs that the category of groups is not cototal, which I’ll recall now: if it were, then every continuous functor G:GrpSetG: Grp \to Set would have a left adjoint FF and therefore be representable (by F1F 1). Let G αG_\alpha be a class of simple groups of cardinalities α\alpha without bound. Then consider G= αGrp(G α,):GrpSetG = \prod_\alpha Grp(G_\alpha, -): Grp \to Set, which indeed lands in SetSet since for each group HH the factor Grp(G α,H)Grp(G_\alpha, H) is trivial as soon as α>card(H)\alpha \gt card(H) and so doesn’t affect the overall product. The functor GG is continuous. But we cannot have Ghom(F,)G \cong \hom(F, -) for any group FF, else hom(G α,)\hom(G_\alpha, -) would be a retract of hom(F,)\hom(F, -) for all α\alpha, hence G αG_\alpha would be a retract of FF for all α\alpha, which is clearly impossible.

    In the case of C AlgC^\infty Alg, we can create a large class of simple objects (C C^\infty fields): if RR is a C C^\infty integral domain (meaning r:RRr \cdot -: R \to R is injective if r0r \neq 0), such as a free C C^\infty algebra C (X)C^\infty(X) on a set XX, then we can construct its field of fractions R¯\widebar{R} by taking XR{0}X \cong R \setminus \{0\}, X={x r:r0}X = \{x_r: r \neq 0\}, and modding out R[X]R C C (X)R[X] \coloneqq R \otimes_{C^\infty} C^\infty(X) by the C C^\infty ideal generated by elements 1rx r1 - r x_r. Let F αF_\alpha be a class of C C^\infty fields of cardinalities α\alpha without bound, and let A α=×F αA_\alpha = \mathbb{R} \times F_\alpha. The only non-trivial regular quotients of A αA_\alpha are F αF_\alpha and \mathbb{R}. If AA is any non-terminal object, then for all sufficiently large α\alpha there is exactly one map A αAA_\alpha \to A, since as soon as α>card(A)\alpha \gt card(A) the regular epi-mono factorization of such a map would have to take the form A αAA_\alpha \to \mathbb{R} \to A and \mathbb{R} is initial.

    Then as before, form G= αhom(A α,):C AlgSetG = \prod_\alpha \hom(A_\alpha, -): C^\infty Alg \to Set. By the same argument as before, this indeed lands in SetSet and is continuous, but is not representable (we can argue that each hom(A α,)\hom(A_\alpha, -) is a retract of GG, but for any object BB we cannot have hom(A α,)\hom(A_\alpha, -) a retract of hom(B,)\hom(B, -) for all α\alpha, by cardinality considerations).

    • CommentRowNumber14.
    • CommentAuthorTodd_Trimble
    • CommentTimeNov 16th 2016
    • (edited Nov 16th 2016)

    (Hm, maybe make that “mod out by a maximal C C^\infty ideal containing the elements 1rx r1 - r x_r”.)

    • CommentRowNumber15.
    • CommentAuthorDmitri Pavlov
    • CommentTimeDec 13th 2020

    Fixed typos.

    diff, v54, current

    • CommentRowNumber16.
    • CommentAuthorDmitri Pavlov
    • CommentTimeDec 14th 2020

    Should we rename this article to “C^∞-ring”?

    What sources (if any) use “smooth algebra” instead of “C^∞-ring”?

    Also, “smooth algebra” is in a serious conflict with smooth algebras in algebraic geometry (defined as k-algebras A such that Spec(A)→Spec(k) is a smooth morphism of schemes), see Eisenbud’s textbook, Section 16.7.

    • CommentRowNumber17.
    • CommentAuthorUrs
    • CommentTimeDec 14th 2020

    If memory serves the terminology “smooth algebra” was an invention here, to avoid clash with homotopy-theoretic \infty-algebras, notably with the entry_C-infinity algebra_.

    But if you feel energetic about adjusting it I don’t mind.

    • CommentRowNumber18.
    • CommentAuthorDmitri Pavlov
    • CommentTimeDec 14th 2020

    Renamed the page and added a disambiguation line at the top.

    diff, v55, current

    • CommentRowNumber19.
    • CommentAuthorDmitri Pavlov
    • CommentTimeDec 15th 2020

    Trying to see if C^∞-ring is a better name…

    diff, v56, current